Can Hemoglobin be used to detect and monitor cancer progression? An update (ISSN 2753-8176 (online))

1.Ana Pedro

1.Gwyntwr1386 Health & Social Care, 58 Grove Road, Birkenhead, CH42 XX. info@gwyntwr1386.com

The rationale for developing a lab based assay for cancer

- Mammography screening is meant to reduce breast cancer mortality through early diagnosis and treatment of disease that would otherwise threaten life. However, in some cases a screening mammogram detects a cancer that would have neither caused death nor presented clinically during the woman’s lifetime. It is clear that to reduce the burden of over diagnosis on both the emotional and physical health of the patient and the economic health of the NHS, more sensitive tests for the diagnosis of breast cancer are needed (1, 1b, 1c). An hemoglobin based test would be very specific, unexpensive and very accessible as for the reasons detailed below.

- Total hemoglobin and different hemoglobin subunits seem to be associated with cancer progression and response to cancer treatment (2,2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, 2f, 2g, 2h, 2i, 2j, 2l, 2m, 2n, 2o, 6-6k)

- Hypoxia also seem to be associated with cancer progression and response to cancer treatment (3)

- Hemoglobin beta seems to increase cancer cell aggressiveness (4, 4b,

- HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) seems to be related with cancer, which might be related with cancer cell metabolic shift through a mechanism not very well defined (5)

- Hemoglobin can be tumor - derived and might be selectively deregulated to promote cancer cell survival (2b, 6-6k)

References

1.Welch HG, Black WC. Overdiagnosis in cancer.J Natl Cancer Inst2010;102:605-13.

1.b)https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-cancer-in-women/tests-and-next-steps-for-breast-cancer-in-women/

1.c) Jung M.(2017). Breast, prostate, and thyroid cancer screening tests and overdiagnosis.Curr Probl Cancer. 2017 Jan-Feb;41(1):71-79.

2. Taylor A, Pollack, MA. Hemoglobin Level and Tumor Growth. Cancer Research (1942)

2b. Tucker R,Pedro A. Blood-derived non-extracellular vesicle proteins as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of early ER+ breast cancer and detection of lymph node involvement. Version 3.F1000Res.2018

2c.Beretov J,Wasinger VC,Millar EK,Schwartz P,Graham PH, Li Y.Proteomic Analysis of Urine to Identify Breast Cancer Biomarker Candidates Using a Label-Free LC-MS/MS Approach.PLoS One.2015

2d.Eur J Radiol.2012 Nov;81(11):3185-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.01.029. Epub 2012 Mar 7. Ultrasound-guided diffuse optical tomography (DOT) of invasive breast carcinoma: does tumour total haemoglobin concentration contribute to the prediction of axillary lymph node status? Zhu Q1, Xiao M,You S, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Lai X, Dai Q.

2e. PLoS One.2016 Nov 16;11(11):e0165133. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165133. eCollection 2016.Pretreatment Hematocrit Is Superior to Hemoglobin as a Prognostic Factor for Triple Negative Breast

2f.BMC Cancer. 2013 Jul 10;13:340. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-340.Post-diagnosis hemoglobin change associates with overall survival of multiple malignancies - results from a 14-year hospital-based cohort of lung, breast, colorectal, and liver cancers. Wan S, Lai Y, Myers RE, Li B, Palazzo JP, Burkart AL, Chen G, Xing J, Yang H.

2g. Acad Radiol. 2015 Apr;22(4):439-46. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2014.12.012. Diffuse optical tomography of breast carcinoma: can tumor total hemoglobin concentration be considered as a new promising prognostic parameter of breast carcinoma? Xiao M, Jiang Y, Zhu Q, You S, Li J, Wang H, Lai X, Zhang J, Liu H, Zhang J.

2h.Br J Cancer. 2003 Sep 15;89(6):977-82. Pretreatment haemoglobin levels significantly predict the tumour response to primary chemotherapy in human breast cancer. Bottini A1, Berruti A, Brizzi MP, Bersiga A, Generali D, Allevi G, Aguggini S, Bolsi G, Bonardi S, Bertoli G, Alquati P,Dogliotti L.

2i.Impact of haemoglobin levels during adjuvant chemotherapy on the survival of patients with primary breast cancer. Peters-Engl C, Cassik P, Schmidt I, Denison U, Medl M, Pokieser W, Sevelda P.

2j.Anticancer Res.2007 Mar-Apr;27(2):1223-6.Prognostic impact of haemoglobin levels in breast cancer.

2l. Strahlenther Onkol. 2004 Jan;180(1):45-51. Blood hemoglobin level and treatment outcome of early breast cancer. Henke M, Sindlinger F, Ikenberg H, Gerds T, Schumacher M.

2m. Anderson PG, Kainerstorfer JM, Sassaroli A, Krishnamurthy N,Homer MJ,Graham RA,Fantini S.Broadband optical mammography: chromophore concentration and hemoglobin saturation contrast in breast cancer.PLoS One.2015

2n. Phys Med Biol. 2004 Apr 7;49(7):1165-81.Concentration and oxygen saturation of haemoglobin of 50 breast tumours determined by time-domain optical mammography. Grosenick D1, Wabnitz H, Moesta KT,Mucke J,Möller M, Stroszczynski C,Stössel J, Wassermann B,Schlag PM,Rinneberg H

2o. Lee et al (2017)Post-diagnosis hemoglobin change associates with overall survival of multiple malignancies - results from a 14-year hospital-based cohort of lung, breast, colorectal, and liver cancers. Oncotarget.8(1):1569-1579.

3. Tameemi et al (2019). Hypoxia-Modified Cancer Cell Metabolism.Front Cell Dev Biol.; 7: 4.

4. Non-conventional role of haemoglobin beta in breast malignancy. British Journal of Cancer (2017) 117, 994–1006 | doi: 10.1038/bjc.2017.247. Marco Ponzetti

4b. Zheng et al (2017). Expression of β-globin by cancer cells promotes cell survival during blood-borne dissemination.Nature Communications 8, Article number: 14344

5. Peila and Rohan (2020). Diabetes, Glycated Hemoglobin, and Risk of Cancer in the UK Biobank Study

6. Pedro A (2023). A Review of The Role of Hemoglobin in Different types of Cancer ISSN 2753-8176 (online), DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.24610.20164

6b. Pedro A (2022). Hemoglobin as a biomarker for breast cancer ISSN 2753-8176 (online) (DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25461.65764)

6c. Pedro A (2022). Hemoglobin as a biomarker for melanoma - short report DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32520.29445, ISSN 2753-8176 (online)

6d. Pedro A (2022). Hemoglobin in colorectal cancer (DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32515.99363, ISSN 2753-8176 (online))

6e. Pedro A (2023).Hemoglobin in gastric cancer (ISSN 2753-8176 (online), DOI:10.1101/202291v1 , Small report

6f. Pedro A (2023).Hemoglobin in Lung Cancer - Short report (ISSN 2753-8176 (online), DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30186.59842

6g.Pedro A (2023).Hemoglobin in Head and Neck cancer - Short report (ISSN 2753-8176 (online), DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16792.67846

6h. Pedro A (2023).Hemoglobin and osteoblasts markers in bone cancer, ISSN 2753-8176 (online), DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.14509.05606

6i. Pedro A (2023).Hemoglobin and Children’s cancers - Brief Report, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21321.52325, ISSN 2753-8176 (online)

6j. Pedro A (2023).Hemoglobin in Acute Leukemias - Brief report , ISSN 2753-8176 (online)

6k. Pedro A (2023). Therapy with DNA damaging drugs of a small number of non-metastatic and metastatic colorectal cancer patients ISSN 2753-8176 (online)