Bilingual/ monolingual individuals and relationship with Dementia and Parkinson’s disease progression – brief opinion (ISSN 2753-8176 (online))

Bilingual/ monolingual individuals and relationship with Dementia and Parkinson’s disease progression – brief opinion (ISSN 2753-8176 (online))

1. Ana Pedro

1.Gwyntwr1386 Pharmacy, Regus Chester Business Park, Heronsway, Chester, CH49QR, UK. info@gwyntwr1386.com

One of the most challenging aspects of living with moderate dementia is the loss of language skills, in particularly for bilingual individuals, who have difficulty in maintaining fluency in more than one language (1-3). The loss of second language skills is a strong predictor for decreased well-being in people living in care homes, due to communication barriers between residents and carers, which may result, for example, in being unable to obtain help to self-care, as well as in social isolation. Evidence indicates that bilingual individuals develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) later than monolinguals, showing relative strengths in the domain of inhibition and response conflict (1-3). Bilinguals also may retain an advantage in performance on executive control tasks, however bilinguals may also be significantly more cognitively impaired at the time of diagnosis (1-3).

As mentioned above, bilingualism has been shown to benefit executive function and delay the onset of AD. However, in what concerns Parkinson's disease (PD), monolinguals showed an advantage in performance of language tests. Those who used Welsh less in daily life had better performance on one test of English vocabulary (4,5). The reasons why this expected benefit in executive function in Welsh-English bilinguals with PD is not found requires further investigation (4,5).

References:

1. Clare et al (2016). Bilingualism, executive control, and age at diagnosis among people with early-stage Alzheimer's disease in Wales. J Neuropsychol;10(2):163-85

2. Overman et al (2021). Estimating premorbid intelligence in people living with dementia: a systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr ;33(11):1145-1159.

3. Martin et al (2019). Language and Culture in the Caregiving of People with Dementia in Care Homes - What Are the Implications for Well-Being? A Scoping Review with a Welsh Perspective.J Cross Cult Gerontol;34(1):67-114

4. Hindle et al (2015). Cognitive reserve in Parkinson's disease: the effects of welsh-english bilingualism on executive function.Parkinsons Dis:2015:943572.

5. Fishman et al (2021). Bilingualism in Parkinson's disease: Relationship to cognition and quality of life. ;43(2):199-212.

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